Module Overview

In this module, you will study the system of reported speech, also known as indirect speech or narration.

Reported speech allows speakers and writers to report what someone else said without quoting their exact words. When transforming direct speech into reported speech, several grammatical changes often occur.

These changes typically involve:

• verb tense

• pronouns

• time expressions

• place references

• sentence structure

Example:

Direct speech:

She said, “I am studying grammar.”

Reported speech:

She said that she was studying grammar.

Understanding these transformations allows learners to accurately report conversations, statements, questions, instructions, and requests.

Reported speech is widely used in academic writing, journalism, research reporting, and everyday communication.

Key Concepts in This Module

This module explores the complete transformation system of reported speech, including:

• the difference between direct and reported speech

• how verb tenses shift during reporting (backshifting)

• how pronouns change according to the speaker and listener

• how time and place expressions adjust during reporting

• how different sentence types transform into reported speech

You will also learn how to transform:

• statements

• questions

• commands

• requests

Finally, the module examines complex transformations, including conditionals, modal verbs, and advanced reporting structures.

Basic Structure of Reported Speech

Reported speech typically begins with a reporting verb, such as:

• say

• tell

• explain

• report

• mention

• state

Example:

She said that she was tired.

Structure:

Reporting verb + that-clause

The word “that” is often optional in spoken English but is commonly used in formal writing.

Changes in Reported Speech

When direct speech becomes reported speech, several changes may occur.

1. Tense Changes (Backshifting)

2. Pronoun Changes

Pronouns change depending on who is reporting the speech.

3. Time Expression Changes

Example:

She said, “I will finish the report tomorrow.”

Reported:

She said that she would finish the report the next day.

Why Reported Speech Is Important

Reported speech is essential for:

• reporting conversations

• summarising statements

• describing past discussions

• writing news reports

• presenting research findings

Example:

The researcher explained that the results were significant.

Lessons in This Module

Skills You Will Develop

By the end of this module, you will be able to:

✅ distinguish between direct and reported speech
✅ apply tense changes (backshifting) correctly
✅ adjust pronouns, time expressions, and references
✅ transform statements, questions, commands, and requests into reported speech
✅ perform complex transformations in reported structures